Present Tenses: Present Perfect Tense

Forms (တည္ေဆာက္ပံုမ်ား)

Affirmative(႐ိုး႐ိုးဝါက်)	Question(ေမးခြန္း၀ါက်)	Negative(အျငင္း၀ါက်)
I have worked	Have I worked?	I have not worked
You have worked etc	Have you worked? etc	You have not worked etc

***** Present Perfect tense ကို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ သံုးသလဲဆိုရင္ လက္ရိွကာလ နဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနတဲ႔ အတိတ္က အေၾကာင္းအရာကို ေဖာ္ျပခ်င္တဲ႔ အခါမွာ သံုးပါတးယ္။ (ၿပီး ၊ဖူး ၊မိ ၊ ၿပီ ၊ထား ဆိုတဲ႔ ႀကိယာ ေနာက္ဆက္ေတြလိုက္တယ္။ ) ဥပမာ ။    ။ ေရာက္ဖူးတယ္၊ လုပ္မိတယ္၊ စားၿပီးၿပီ ။

A. Meaning;

Ø  ျဖစ္ပ်က္မႈ တစ္ခုခုကို  လက္ရိွ ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလကို တစ္ခ်ိန္ထဲ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနသကဲ႔သို႔ ဆက္စပ္ေတြးေခၚၾကတယ္။ အဲဒီလို အေျခအေနမ်ိဳးမွာ Present Perfect sentence ကို ဆိုလိုရင္းတူ Present Tense သုိ႔ ေျပာင္းလဲ အသံုးျပဳနိုင္တယ္။

ဥပမာ။ ။

  I've broken my leg.= My leg is broken now.                                                   

 (ေျခေထာက္က်ိဳးသြားၿပီ ဆိုတာနဲ႔ အခုေျခေထာက္ကို အသံုးမျပဳ ႏိႈင္ေတာ့ဘူး ဆိုတဲ႔ အက်ိဳးရလဒ္ ျဖစ္ေပၚ)

  

Have you read the Bible?= Do you know the Bible?                                            

(သမၼာ က်မ္းစာကို ဖတ္ဖူးတယ္ဆိုရင္ လက္ရိွကာလမွာ က်မ္းစာထဲမွ အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြကို သိသြားၿပီဆိုတဲ႔ ရလဒ္ ျဖစ္ေပၚ)

Ø  ဆိုလိုတာက လက္ရိွကာလနဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနမွသာ Present Perfect tense ကို သံုးရမွာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ လက္ရိွကာလနဲ႔ ဆက္ႏြယ္ေနျခင္းမရိွဘူးဆိုရင္ Present Perfect tense ကို မသံုးဘူး။

ဥပမာ။ ။

I saw Kyaw Kyaw yesterday. (NOT I have  seen ...)                                              (မေန႔က ျမင္လိုက္တယ္ဆိုတဲ႔ အေၾကာင္းကို ေျပာတာပဲ၊ လက္ရိွကာလအတြက္ ဘာရလဒ္မွ မထုတ္လုပ္ဘူး။)

B. Finished actions; result now

Ø  ၿပီးဆံုးသြားၿပီ ျဖစ္တဲ႔ အေၾကာင္းရာေတြ၊  ေဆာင္ရြက္မႈေတြ ကို ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာ Present Perfect tense ကိုသံုးတယ္။ အဲဒီ ၿပီးဆံုးသြားတဲ႔ အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြဟာ အက်ိဳးဆက္ အေနနဲ႔ လက္ရိွကာလအတြက္ ရလဒ္တစ္ခုကို ျဖစ္ေပၚေစပါတယ္။   (See Fig 1.1)

C. News;

Ø  သတင္းေၾကျငာခ်က္ေတြမွာ Present Perfect tense ကို သံုးေလ႔ရိွတယ္။

ဥပမာ။ ။

The pound has fallen against the dollar.

The Prime Minister has said that the government's economic policies are working.

The number of unemployed has reached five million.

D. Repeated actions up to now;

Ø  ယခုအခ်ိန္အထိ ထပ္ခါထပ္ခါ ျပဳလုပ္လာတဲ႔ အေၾကာင္းအရာကို ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာ Present Perfect tense ကို သံုးရမယ္။  (See Fig 1.2)

ဥပမာ။ ။

I have written six letters since lunchtime.

How often have you been in love in your life?

E. Actions and States continuing up to now;

အတိတ္က စတင္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာတဲ႔ အေျခအေနေတြ၊ အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြဟာ လက္ရိွအခ်ိန္မွာ ဆက္လက္ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနေသးတယ္ဆိုရင္ Present Perfect tense ကို သံုးတယ္။  (See Fig 1.3)

*** Note: Present Perfect continuous tense ကိုလည္း ဒီလို အေျခအေနမွာ သံုးနိုင္တယ္။                     ကြဲျပားခ်က္က

Present Perfect continuous tense ကို ယာယီ အေျခအေနေတြမွာ သံုးၿပီး Present Perfect tenseကို ေတာ့ ပိုမို ရွည္ၾကာတဲ႔ အခ်ိန္ရပ္တည္ခ်က္ေတြကို ျပဆိုရာမွာ အသံုးျပဳတယ္။ ပိုမိုရွင္းလင္းသြားေအာင္ ေအာက္ပါ ဥပမာစာေၾကာင္းေလးေတြ ေလ့လာၾကည့္လိုက္ၾကရေအာင္။ 

ဥပမာ။           ။

The man has been standing on the corner all day. (continuous )                          
For 900 years, the castle has stood on the hill above the village. (simple )

I haven't been working well recently. (continuous )                                             
He hasn't worked for years. (simple )

(See Fig 1.4)

F. ေအာက္ပါ ေဖာ္ျပခ်က္ေတြမွာ Present Perfect Tense ကို သံုးရတယ္။

This/ That/ It is the first/ second/ third  time etc                                                
This/ That/ It is the only …                                                                               
This/ That/ It is the best/ worst/ most interesting etc

ဥပမာ။ ။

This is the first time that I have heard her sing. (NOT that I hear her sing…)          
That is the third time you've asked me that question. (NOT the third time you ask me..)                                                                                                          
It's one of the most interesting books I've ever read.

အတိတ္အေၾကာင္းကို ေျပာျပတဲ႔အခါမွာ အထက္ပါ ေဖာ္ျပခ်က္မ်ိဳးသံုးတယ္ဆိုရင္ Past Perfect Tense နဲ႔ ေရးသားရမယ္။

ဥပမာ။ ။

It was the third time he had been in love that year. (NOT the third time he was…)

G. အရင္ တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္က တစ္ခုခုကို လုပ္ဖူးတယ္၊ မလုပ္ဖူးဘူး ဆိုတဲ႔ ေျပာၾကားခ်က္ေတြမွာ Present Perfect Tense ကို အသံုးျပဳတယ္။ never / ever / yet / already ဆိုတဲ႔ ႀကိယာဝိေသသနေတြ တြဲဖက္ ပါလိမ္႔ရိွတယ္။

ဥပမာ။ ။

I've never seen a ghost.                                                                                    
Has Thidar come yet?   Yes, she has already arrived.                                            
Have you ever met him before?

H. Present Perfect not used;

1.     (yesterday, last week, then, four years ago, in 1970 ) တို႔လို ၿပီးဆံုးခ်ိန္ျပ ႀကိယာဝိေသသန တို႔ႏွင့္ တြဲဖက္ၿပီးေတာ့ Present Perfect Tense ကို မသံုးဘူး။

ဥပမာ။ ။

I saw Sandi yesterday. (NOT I have seen Sandi yesterday.)                                
Kyaw Kyaw was ill last week. (NOT Kyaw Kyaw has been ill last week.)                 She died four years ago. (NOT She has died four years ago.)                               
He was born in 1970. (NOT He has been born in 1970.)

2.     ျပန္လည္ေျပာျပတဲ႔ အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာ Present Perfect Tense ကို မသံုးဘူး။

ဥပမာ။ ။ Simple Past Tense ကိုပဲ သံုးရပါတယ္။

I spent all my childhood in Shwebo.                                                                         
 Phoe Toke broke a window last night.